(1) 开头和结尾原则 (The Beginning and Ending)

和文章的结构有关，在开头和结尾都是会出题目的。结尾一般用的句型：Next I would like to…; Following this lecture…; to end my lecture…; to wrap up my lecture…; to wind up my lecture…; to put the finishing touch on my lecture…

(2) 原因原则 (The Reasons and Results)

表示原因的关联词，如because (口语中叫cause), for, since, thanks to, due to, attributed to, the reason…is…; 表示结果的关联词，如so, therefore, thus, consequently, as a result, that’s why…

(3) 转折原则 (Turning Point)

but, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, while, in fact , still, yet, unluckily, unfortunately, on the other hand, to tell you the truth, to be frank/honest, although, though, even if, even though.

(4) 强调原则 (Emphasis)

A. 语气强调 重读(Stress)、 停顿(Pause)、 口误(Honest Mistake)、 口吃等。

B. 语义强调 比如材料里听到ok, now, and, well, remember, surprise, 以及only, must 等绝对词；或者老师说What I mean is…; What I want you to do is… 或者材料中也用形容词进行语义强调，如…is important/ fatal/ vital/ essential/ basic/ fundamental/ interesting/ necessary.

C. 比较强调 同级比较、比较级(Comparative)、最高级(Superlative) 都是强调，都很重要。如：一些句型compared to, in comparison。还有序数词，方位词和一些介词强调(Ordinal numbers, Prepositions)。如： first…; last…; also; before, after, by等。

D. 结论强调(Conclusions) 比如：in conclusion, to conclude, in a word, all in all, last but not the least, to sum up.

E. 举例强调(Examples) 比如：for example/ instance（记下关键词）, such as/ like/ need/ include/ involve（记下首字母）, to demonstrate/ illustrate, to give you a clearer idea/ picture.

(5) 问答原则 (Questions and Answers)

比如设问句或学生提问，问题和回答都很重要。

(6) 解释原则-下定义 (Definitions)

常用结构有：定语、同位语。

(7) 建议原则 (Suggestions)

建议句型。